Carnelian is a translucent variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quartz, known for its warm hues ranging from orange to deep reddish-brown. Its coloration comes from iron oxide impurities, which give the stone its characteristic fiery appearance. Carnelian has been used since ancient times for decorative and spiritual purposes, with evidence of its use in Egyptian, Roman, and Indian cultures. It has been carved into amulets, seals, and jewelry due to its durability and striking color.

The formation of carnelian occurs in volcanic and sedimentary rock environments, where silica-rich solutions deposit microscopic quartz crystals over time. The presence of iron in these solutions oxidizes, leading to the stone’s signature red and orange shades. Major sources of carnelian include India, Brazil, Madagascar, Uruguay, and parts of the United States. Historically, Indian carnelian has been highly valued due to its deep, even coloring, achieved through prolonged exposure to sunlight to enhance its natural hues.

Astrologically, carnelian is associated with the planet Mars, symbolizing energy, courage, and motivation. It is believed to boost confidence, enhance creativity, and promote vitality, making it a favored stone for those seeking motivation or overcoming lethargy. In Vedic astrology, carnelian is linked to the root and sacral chakras, helping to stabilize emotions and increase personal power. Many wear it as a talisman for success, leadership, and emotional balance, while some also use it in meditation to enhance focus and clarity.