Kashmir blue sapphires, or Kashmir Neelam as they're known in India, reign as some of the world's most coveted gemstones. Renowned for their extraordinary blue colour and extreme rarity, these sapphires have captivated gem enthusiasts and collectors for over a century. The allure of Kashmir sapphires lies not only in their stunning beauty but also in their rich history and geological origins. This article delves into everything you need to know about Kashmir sapphires, from their formation and occurrence to their value and significance in astrology. It covers the coveted cornflower blue color, the carat weight of these precious gems, and their esteemed position among other renowned blue sapphires, such as those from Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon).
1. Formation & Occurrence
Kashmir sapphires, like all sapphires, are a variety of the mineral corundum, composed primarily of aluminium oxide. The captivating blue colour of these sapphires results from trace amounts of iron and titanium incorporated into the crystal structure during their formation deep within the Earth's crust.
In its purest form, corundum is colorless. The presence of different trace elements is responsible for the spectrum of sapphire colors found around the world, from the renowned royal blue sapphires to the vibrant hues of other coloured sapphires like pink sapphire, yellow sapphire (pukhraj), and the colour-changing varieties. Each sapphire deposit, including the historic mines of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Kashmir, boasts unique geological conditions that influence the final colour and quality of the gemstones unearthed.
Rough/Uncut Kashmir Sapphires
2. Where Are Kashmir Blue Sapphires Found?
Kashmir sapphires are predominantly found in the Zanskar Range of the Himalayas, in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Discovered in the late 19th century, mining of these precious gemstones occurred briefly from 1880 to 1920. The harsh conditions and limited mining period have resulted in a finite supply of Kashmir sapphires, making those with higher carat weights especially rare and valuable.
While the allure of blue sapphires is undeniable, the unique qualities of the Kashmir variety reign supreme. The Kashmir region's distinct geological conditions produce sapphires with an unparalleled cornflower blue colour and velvety texture.
Other sources also contribute to the global supply of these sought-after gemstones. Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) is renowned for its Sri Lankan or Ceylon sapphires, often boasting a lighter, more vibrant blue than their Kashmir counterparts. Myanmar (formerly Burma) also yields exquisite blue sapphires, celebrated for their exceptional clarity and rich hues. Despite these other origins, the distinct blue and velvety texture of Kashmir sapphires set them apart, making them the most coveted blue sapphire variety among gem enthusiasts and collectors.
3. The Colour Span of Kashmir Blue Sapphires
Kashmir sapphires are celebrated for their unique and vivid blue colour, often described as "cornflower blue" or "royal blue." This distinctive hue results from a balance of iron and titanium within the crystal lattice of the sapphire, setting these sapphires apart from other blue sapphires in the world. The colour can vary slightly, ranging from a deep, velvety blue reminiscent of twilight skies to a lighter, more vibrant shade like the heart of a cornflower. The most coveted Kashmir sapphires exhibit a rich, saturated blue colour with a velvety or "sleepy" appearance, a quality that significantly impacts the carat price of these exceptional gemstones.
One of the most notable features of the sapphires is their velvety or sleepy appearance. This unique optical effect is caused by the presence of fine silk inclusions and microscopic rutile needles that scatter light within the stone, giving it a soft, almost glowing look. This characteristic, highly prized by gem collectors and connoisseurs, adds to the allure and mystique of Kashmir sapphires.
The colour of Kashmir blue sapphires remains remarkably stable under various lighting conditions, making them even more desirable. Unlike some sapphires from other regions, such as certain Sri Lankan (Ceylonese) sapphires, whose colour can shift under artificial light, Kashmir sapphires maintain their captivating blue hue regardless of the lighting environment, adding to their appeal as centrepieces for fine jewelry.
Color Span of Blue Sapphires (Source: GemsNY)
4. Common Inclusions in a Kashmir Sapphire
Inclusions, or internal characteristics, are common in Kashmir sapphires and can significantly impact their value. While often seen as flaws in other gemstones, certain inclusions are celebrated in these sapphires for their contribution to the gem's unique charm.
The most typical and sought-after inclusion is fine rutile needles, often called "silk." These microscopic needles create a captivating optical phenomenon, scattering light and giving the sapphire a soft, velvety appearance known as the "sleepy" effect.
Additionally, the star seen in Kashmir star sapphires is created by these same internal “silk” within the stone crystal. These microscopic needles intersecting at 120 degrees create the optical phenomenon known as asterism, which forms the star pattern visible on the surface of the sapphire. These needles within the sapphire are what gives rise to the unique star effect in such sapphires. In addition to silk, other common inclusions include mineral crystals, liquid-filled cavities, and colour zoning. Some others, like pargasite, are even considered diagnostic of Kashmiri origin, further adding to the gem's allure.
The presence of fine silk in Kashmir sapphires is a prized asset, contributing to the velvety appearance that distinguishes these gems from other sapphires. However, it's important to note that while fine silk is desirable, others such as large or distracting mineral crystals, may negatively impact a Kashmir sapphire's clarity and value.
A 14.06-carat Kashmir Sapphire with Pargasite needles (Source: GIA)
5. Common Treatments & Enhancements of Kashmir Sapphire
Like many gemstones such as garnets and emeralds, Kashmir sapphires may undergo treatments to enhance their colour and clarity. The most common and accepted treatment is heat treatment. This process involves heating the sapphire to high temperatures, which can intensify the blue color and reduce the visibility of certain internal features. Heat treatment is widely accepted in the gemstone industry because it produces permanent results without altering the sapphire's chemical composition.
Other treatments, such as diffusion (adding trace elements to the crystal to enhance colour) or fracture filling (filling surface-reaching fractures with glass or resin to improve clarity), are less common and often controversial. These treatments can significantly affect the value of a Kashmir sapphire and should always be disclosed by reputable sellers.
Due to the rarity and value of these sapphires, it is crucial to purchase them from trusted sources that provide transparent information about any treatments or enhancements. This ensures that buyers can make informed decisions and invest in authentic, high-quality Kashmir sapphires. Additionally, unheated Kashmir sapphires are highly prized in the market, often commanding a premium price due to their completely natural state.
| Mineral | Corundum |
|---|---|
| Colour Span | Light to deep tones of Velvety Blue, Royal Blue, & Cornflower Blue shades |
| Popular Origins | Zanskar Range in Kashmir Himalayas |
| Mohs Hardness | 9.00 (on a scale of 10) |
| Common Treatments | Generally untreated, but may be thermally enhanced (heat treatment), fracture filled |
| Birthstone | September |
Kashmir Blue Sapphires - A Quick Snapshot
6. Evaluating the Quality of a Kashmir Sapphire
Several factors contribute to the quality and value of a Kashmir sapphire, each playing a crucial role in determining its desirability and price per carat.
- Colour: The most sought-after Kashmir sapphires exhibit a deep, velvety blue color, often described as "cornflower blue". This distinctive hue is a result of the precise balance of trace elements like iron and titanium within the corundum crystal structure. The colour should be evenly saturated throughout the stone, with no visible colour zoning or patches of unevenness. A truly exceptional Kashmir sapphire colour can rival the deep reds of the finest garnets but with the added allure of its velvety texture.
- Clarity: While inclusions are common in natural sapphires, the type, size, and visibility of these inclusions can significantly impact a Kashmir sapphire's value. Fine silk needles that create a velvety appearance, are not only tolerated but desired in Kashmir sapphires. However, others like large crystals or fractures, can detract from the gem's clarity and brilliance.
- Cut: The cut of sapphire is crucial in maximising its brilliance and showcasing its colour to the fullest. A well-cut Kashmir sapphire will have facets that are precisely angled to reflect light through the crown, creating a dazzling display of sparkle and fire. Kashmir sapphires can be cut into various shapes, including oval, cushion, and round. In addition to faceted sapphires, there is also a unique variety known as the star sapphire. These types of sapphires exhibit a captivating optical phenomenon called asterism, a six-rayed star pattern that appears to glide across the surface of the gem as it is moved. Star sapphires are typically cut en cabochon, a smooth, domed cut that enhances the visibility of the star effect.
A Star Sapphire
- Carat Weight: As with most gemstones, the carat weight of a Kashmir sapphire plays a significant role in its value. Larger Kashmir sapphires, especially those exceeding 4-5 carats, are exceedingly rare and command a premium price. However, smaller stones with exceptional colour and clarity can also be highly valuable.
By carefully evaluating these 4Cs of Kashmir sapphires — buyers can assess the quality and potential value of a Kashmir sapphire.
7. How Much Do Kashmir Sapphires Cost?
The price of these sapphires varies significantly based on their quality, carat weight, and the geography of your retailer. High-quality Kashmir sapphires with the coveted cornflower blue color and high clarity can fetch prices ranging from several thousand to over a hundred thousand dollars per carat. Larger stones, especially those above 5 carats, are incredibly rare and can command astronomical prices at auctions.
Due to their rarity, Kashmir sapphires with even minor imperfections or slightly less desirable colours can be valuable. The provenance of the stone, confirmed by certification from reputable gemological laboratories, also plays a crucial role in determining its value.
8. Kashmir Sapphire in Astrology
In astrology, blue sapphires, including those from Kashmir, are associated with the planet Saturn and are considered to have powerful effects. They are believed to bring wisdom, discipline, and protection to the wearer. Sapphires, particularly blue sapphires, hold a special place in the tradition of birthstones. As the birthstone for September, blue sapphires are believed to bring peace, wisdom, and serenity to those born in this month. This belief in the protective and beneficial qualities of gemstones is deeply rooted in various cultures and continues to influence jewelry choices today.
Astrologers often recommend blue sapphires for individuals seeking mental clarity, focus, and relief from stress. However, it is advised to consult with an experienced astrologer before wearing a sapphire, as its strong influence can have varying effects depending on the individual's horoscope.
Blue Sapphires (Neelam) in Astrology
Kashmir blue sapphires stand out as a testament to nature's artistry and the enduring allure of rare gemstones. Their exceptional colour, historical significance, and limited availability make them a prized possession for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts. Whether you are drawn to their beauty, astrological benefits, or investment potential, owning a Kashmir sapphire is a privilege reserved for the discerning few.
If you are considering adding a sapphire to your collection, it is essential to purchase from a reputable source to ensure the stone's authenticity and value. Precious Earth offers a curated selection of high-quality gemstones including sapphires, emeralds, quartz, and more - across 20 categories. Explore our curated collection of gems and experience the timeless elegance of these extraordinary stones.
